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论本量利分析中的现金流量模型2似)9年2月中国管理信息化Feb.,2仪渺ChinaManagementInformationization第12卷第4期Vo1.12,No.4论水量利分析中的现金流量模型黄国良,孙佳(中国矿业大学管理学院,江苏徐州,1221118><#004699">6)[摘要]传统的本受利分析模型以会计利润为目标,总略了观念流爱的发要性。本文在传统本J:-利分析模型的基础上构建现金流受模型,并针对当前研究的不足,边一分析各非现,金项目对企业现金保本点的影响,更加有利于企业对现金的管理,同时为企业提供更加科学的决策依据。{关键词]本素利分析;现金流受模型;经营决策[中阁分类号]F234.3文献标识码]A文章编号]1<#004699">673-0194(2ω9)04-001<#004699">6-03本最利分析是戚本一销售量一利润依存关系的简称,润之间的内在关系,其核心部分是确定;盈亏平衡点;。所义称CVP分析、损据网平点分析、搞亏临界点分析或保本谓撤亏临界点,是指企业经营达到不撤不亏的状态。企业点分析。它是在戚本性态分析和变动成本计算法的基础上的销售收入扣减变动成本以扁得到;贯献毛雄;,它首先要进一步展开的一种分析方法,着重研究销售数最、价格、戚朋以补偿问定戚本,只有补偿问定戚本以后还有余额,才本和利润之间的数量关系。它所提供的原理、方法在管理能为企业提供最终的利润;再则,就会发生亏损。如果贡献会计中有辛苦广眨的用途,问时它又是企业班行决策、计划毛益刚好等于同定戚本,那就是处于不盈不亏的状态,此和控制的重要工具。时的销售锺即为盈亏临界点。其基本数学关系式为:-、本最利分析模型简介Q本最利分析主要反映在…定期间内成本、业务量和利式巾,Q为销售量;F为罔定戚本总额;P为单位售价;V为单位平均变动成本。[收稿日期]2ωι
05-27絮,或是能使计划更好地发挥作用的有利国素。不同的制三k虫~1I标.有针对性地L作;二晏薛于抓住战机,静于捕损织部门,其性质、业务有其特殊性,所要计量的产品和劳务企业绩'肖管理巾的信息,以事实为先导,力争起到事半功不同,所要执行的计划方案数不胜数,因而,可能有究全不倍的作用;士气要把自己主功置于受控制的地位,把握自目同的关键控制点。由于控制点种类繁多,所用标准也是多的行为;四要根据变化了的情况不断调整内部控制的思种多样。研究表明,一项好的内部控制,应该达到以下标路,使内部控制与企业纯背变化相适应。控制与创新是相准:真…
,控制触角涉及企业经常的各个环节和各个方耐,依柑伴的两种手段。实施内部控制是为了保证企业组营健校有控制搅角,即企业的各项经营管蹭活动均纳入了内部康发展,决不能让内部控制成为企业进步的障碍。在一定控制地用;其二,事权划分明确具体,具有很强的操作性,意义上讲,控制是为企业经营导航,控制肉身设有资本增民1I内部控制制度能真正成为企业管理者的行为规桩,操作恼的功能,而保证企业生产经营活力的掘康是技术创新、方便;其士气,控制程序规范,过程控制受到特别的重视,即管蚓创新,制度创新。只4可不断创新,企业才能不断适应市场变化,生产经背才街足够的动力。内部控制赞形成科学的机制,尤其是要把对纯营管理过梅基于以上等虑,参照财政部内部控制有关规定,笔者的控制放在突出地位,通过控制防忠于未然;其凹,有良认为,企业建立和实施内部控制,应坷遵循以下基本原则:好的控制放果,内部控制的功能可得到有放发挥。合法性原则、余而性原则、黄要性原则、有效性原则、制衡控制与被控制是永远需要协调的一对矛盾。控制是规性服则、适应性原则和戚本放放原则。范,指制是约束,按制娃对舞弊的否定,是对损失的扼制。市场结济条件下的企业锚要内部控制,这是主流,是规律。主要参考文献越是优秀的企业,规抱管理越街地形的作用。内部控制对于保护企业意义非同小可。但控制毕竟是对于人而言的,[1]孙永先.企业内部会i十控制一一关键控制点设计[Mj.北京:经济是对人付为的约束,对人权利的限制,矛盾永远存在,协调管理111版社,2007.控制与被控制之间的矛盾事关内部控制的成眠。什么时候[2]笑网财务会~t准则委员会.英同财务会计准则149-150号:金融I拍制与被控制的矛盾协调得好,企业经常就稳定,企业效具丰口袋期保假会计修订[5].州、永,精.译.北京:经济管理出版杖,益增长就快。协调控制与被控的关系,一耍把握重点,瞄准2ω7.1<#004699">61CHINAMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONIZATION????????????#004699">6???#004699">6??????叽??#004699">6????寕??????寖寎??????#004699">6????????寊??#004699">6????????????儽??秎???#004699">6??????#004699">6??#004699">6??????????????????????????#004699">6??????????????#004699">6???????????#004699">6??嬱嬲??#004699">6??湡抣??????楮景?#004699">6?巃????????#004699">6??????#004699">6??#004699">6???????#004699">6????????????????#004699">6???????????????????????????岿?????????????????#004699">6?????????????????????#004699">6来????#004699">6?????牭????絬????????#004699">6?????????#004699">6???????????#004699">6????????????????????#004699">6??#004699">6?????#004699">6?#004699">6??#004699">6????????????????浥??㊣??#004699">6???#004699">6??#004699">6???#004699">6?????#004699">6???????#004699">6??????#004699">6???#004699">6???????慴?????#004699">6???檰????湴?????????????????#004699">6???伤?#004699">6?#004699">6?????????????????#004699">6???????????#004699">6??????????????????#004699">6?????????#004699">6??楯????????#004699">6???????????凎??????????????????????????澣????????????嶱????#004699">6?#004699">6????????????????????????#004699">6???????????????????????????????湩??????
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0元。根据相关数据计算出该产品的保本点为:单位售价;V为现金单位变功成本oc在实务中,固定现金戚本通常由固定戚本扣除其非现Q$-9><>E一一=一~p~----=-=1仪)()(件)。p甲V2ω-120金支出项目得剖,这里非现金支出主耍是罔定资产的忻上式说明该产品必须销售出l仪则件才能达到保本旧,可以通过查累计折旧明细账或现金流量衰补充资料得状志,即不亏不盈的状态。盈亏临界点只能表明企业避免到;现金单位售价由单位售价剔除单位应收账款得到,通亏损的最低销售量,而无法揭示企业为实现预定目标利润常用除销率进行折算;现金单位变动成本由单位变动成本应达到的产销水平。企业目标利润下的销售量数学关系剔除单位应付胀款待到。为:以下举例说明非现金项目如何影响本最利分析结果。Q11士立例2假定例1中固定戚本中的固定资产的折旧为p叫V080克,营业收入和变功戚本中均无非现金项目,则其现∞式中,仿为目标利润。金保本点为:接上例,假定该企业在计划期的目标利润为200∞0百~=~0删-80∞百唰(件)。元,则实现目标利润的销售最为:Qp-飞200-120QP·-80ω。+2α)∞。1=一」-z一一旦3500(件)。如果企业要实现2ωα)()j己的目标利润,其销售最p四V200120为:上式说明诙产品需要销售出3500件才能达到2∞仅归元的目标利润。Q'mE士7T0ω0-8仰。+2ω侧=34∞(件)。P叩V2∞一120c二、本置利分析中的现金流量是模型的构建将例2的分析结果与例l进行对比,例2中保本量和;本i慧和l分析;是研究企业产品成本、业务最初利润之目标利润下的销售最均小于例1的结果。究其原剧,例2间数最关系的慕础分析方法之一。但随着杜会的发腾以及在间就成本中剔除了非现金项目,即回定资产的折|日。由合计理险的混步克静,企业管理的目标逐渐集中到;现金此可见企业的销盘只要大于900件,就可以产生脏的现金流盘;上。…些会计理论研究者提lfI了;赤字不倒闭,黑字流,企业就可以继续经营谈产品。回去在成本中的非现金项倒闭;的观点,认为即使企业亏损但仍有现金的情况下,也目额越大,企业的保本量或白你利润下的销售盘就会越可以继续纯髓;账面盈利却支付不足的企业则会倒闭。鉴’Jo
于现金流量的重要意义,我同于2007年1月1日实施的例3假定例l中同定戚本中无非现金项目,公司历《企业财务通则》提出;以现金流为核心;进行顶算管理。所史除销率为2胁,变动成本中无非现金项目,则其现金保以笔者认为,以;净现金流;为目标的现金流最模型比以卫标点为:;和H阔;为目标的传统本最利分析方法更优,更能活应时代rl_F:_80∞0叩O;;-=2仪)()(件)0的发展,更能为企业进行决策、计划和控制提供科学的依’CcP-V据。如果企业要实现2∞旺)()元的目标利润,其销售量通常可把会计项目分为现金项目相非现金项目。现金为:流锺模明就是在本最利模型的基础上剔除非现金项目,只Q'zE土Ez800∞-0+2000ql=WO(件)。考虑现金项目的影响。营业收入和戚本都包括非现金项~-V200x(l-20%)-120c目。营业收入中的非现金项目主要是应收账款;戚本中的将例3的分析结果与例1进行对比,例3中保本f慧和非现金项目主要是听旧和应付账款。折旧通常包括在固定目标利润下的销售锺均大于例1的结果。分析其原因,例3戚本中,因为忻旧是对工厂和设备等固定资产以它们的预在销售单价中剔除了躲销额,使得企业每单位产品实际收计使用年限为依据进行的购置戚本的分配,其数额在一定到的现金减少,所以要达到盈亏平衡或目标利润,销售数时期及一定产最拖罔内不直接受产量变动的影响而保持量就应该相应增加,否则将产生负的现金流,给企业的正闹定不变。幕于本最利分析模姐和对现金项目与非现金项常经营带来影响。由此可见,企业的除销率幢大,企业销儒CHINAMANAGEMENγINFORMATIONIZATION117
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各计研先时实际收到的现金越少,则其现金保本f慧和目标利润下的本点销售最,说明企业在一定时期内纯营现金净流量为保本最就越大。正。在此情况下,企业在经背过服中产生的现金除满足正例4假定例1中间定戚本相营业收入中均无非现金常经营外,可以把富余的现金用于不寻常的购买机会,比项目,单位变功戚本中单位服付账款率为1()!元,则其现金如遇有廉价原材料或其他流动资产供应的机舍,便可用手保本点为:头现金大量购入;再比如在适当时机购入价格有利的股票和其他布价证券等,以此来减少企业恃有现金的机会戚Qn-<>E一=__80棚…0、自870(件)。Rm飞本。若销售量小于保本点销售量,说明企业的蹋现金流为如果企业要实现200α)()元的目标利润,其销售最负,会使企业州现现金不足的情况。如果预计长期内经营为:现盒净流量为负,则会对企业带来组营风险,企业需要通过外部筹资或变现资产等途径加以解决,以维持企业正常Qc’=~士1$59gthmmklm3044(件)。p.-V2ω…120x(l-100/o)c经营活动的进行,从而减少企业现金的短踉戚本。将例4的分析结果句例1进行对比,例4中保本最初(二)有利于企业的经营决策目标利润下的销售量均小于例1的结果。可以看出,例4现金流量模型突出了现金流撞的i意义,是对本最利模中的单位变动戚本剔除了企业没有支付现金的项目,使企型的一种修正。在有些情况下,本最利模型分析认为不可业实际支付现金的单位变动戚本减小,所以销售额相应减行的决策,在现金流露模础下却是可行的。因为,一般来少,也可以达到现金保本点或目标利润。可见,单位变动戚说,产销量即使低于应计保本点(出现账剧损失),但只要其本中非现金项目额越大,则现金保本点句目标利润下的销高于现金保本点,企业仍可继续经营下去。这IE符合本文售额越小。闹剧所提到的;亦芋不倒闭;的理论。所以,现金流最模明三、现金流量模型在生产经营中的作用可以为企业提供更加科学的决策依据,更符合现代企业以(…
)掌握相关因素变动时现金流保本点的影响现金流为棋心的管理思想。影响现金流保本点的因素主要有:固定现金戚本、现四、结论金单位售价、现金单位变动成本。通过对这些因素堪一分在现代企业的经营管朋中,以;现金流最;为核心的管析,可以全面掌握经营现金流保本点变动的原因,并根据珊决策越来越重要。我同于2007年1月1日实施的《企业不间的原因采取相应的措施。间定现金戚本与现金流保卫标财务通则》提1:1:;以现金流为核心;进行预算管理。本文构点是IE向变动,固定戚本中的非现金项目如折旧作为其减建的本最利分析中的现金流最模型以现金流为目标,计算项,与现金流保本点最f走向变动,所以如果企业的折旧在企业的现金流保本点,既有利于企业的现金管理,又可以问烧成本中占的比例越大,则其净现金流会越大,出现现为企业的生产经营提供更加科学的决策依据。金宵余的可能性也越大。反之,企业现金可能不足。单位变动成本中的非现金项目与现金流保本点里正向我动,对企主要参考文献业现金的影响问阔定成本中的非现金项目。另外,单位儒价中的非现金项目与现金流保本点是IE向变动,企业在做[1]郑淌,朱学义.本一缘一利模翻中的现金流锺分析[J].煤炭经济研究,2创始(10):70-73.决策时要考虑除销率。如果企业的贻销率增大,则净现金[2]相二卫,李强.基于本结利模型变形的现金流锺模型在企业决策流会减少,企业应采取相应的措施防止现金不足,以免使中的应用[J].中国管原信息化,2∞7,10(7):75叩7<#004699">6.企业的正常经营管理受到影响。[3]I:笑容.浅谈本最利分析在经常观念流管湖中的成用[J].商业余(二)有利于企业对现金流莹的管理计,2∞7(7,上):27-28.现金是可以立即投入流动的交换媒介。企业为了经营[4]关红本锺利;分析法在现代企业管理中的庇用[JJ.辽宁教育行业务,有必要持有一定的现金,以应付意外的现金需要。但政学院学报,2创漏(<#004699">6):139-141.[5]就静华.本、黛、利分析反应用[J].技术经济,2007(<#004699">6):52.持有现金则不能将其投入生产经营活动,失去因此而可能[<#004699">6]栓慧芳.传统本滋利分析模型的局限性lU在扩展[J].河南财政税获得的收益,即持有现金的机会成本。如果企业缺乏必要务高等专科学校学报,2肌泊,14(4):1<#004699">6-17.的现金,不能应付业务开支所霄,则会使企业蒙受损失或[7J黄辉.基于现金流的本量利分析[J].财会通讯:综合版,2∞7(9):为此付出代价,即现金的短峡戚本。现金流量模型中现金25-2<#004699">6.
保本点的销售量表明企业达到该销售量时刚好达到经营[8]臭万锋.试论本最利分析法的局限性[J].经济帅,2∞7(5):154而现金收支平衡,即经营现金净流量为哮。若销售量越过保155.181CHINAMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONlZATION???????????????????儽???????????????????????#004699">6?????#004699">6??????#004699">6????????????#004699">6??????????????#004699">6??????#004699">6???#004699">6?????#004699">6??????#004699">6??#004699">6????#004699">6?????????????????????#004699">6?嬱??嬲嬳??嬴?#004699">6?嬵嬶??嬷??婶??????ァ????岩??巏巍嶹??巓嶶??嶻巎??????ピ?????????#004699">6???????????????????????#004699">6??#004699">6????????????????#004699">6??????????#004699">6??????????????????#004699">6???????????????倲???????????????????????????#004699">6????晱????????????????????#004699">6??????????????????????????????????????#004699">6???#004699">6???#004699">6???#004699">6?????????????????????????????????????????????#004699">6??????#004699">6?????傡???#004699">6?????????????#004699">6??????????????????#004699">6?#004699">6????#004699">6?????????#004699">6??????#004699">6?????#004699">6???????????禣????#004699">6?#004699">6????????????????#004699">6?????#004699">6????????#004699">6????????????#004699">6????????#004699">6??#004699">6孊?????????#004699">6??????
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