Macau’s gaming and tourism industry PEST analysis005 22页

JinanUniversityTitleMacau’sgamingandtourismindustryPESTanalysisStudentNameFuFengLiStudentNo.2008053011MajorFinance(FNC)SupervisorZhangFangFangDate(dd/mm/yyyy)05/04/2012 暨南大学本科生毕业论文论文题目澳门博彩旅游业PEST分析学院国际学院学系金融系专业金融学姓名傅凤梨学号2008053011指导教师张芳芳2012年05月04日 Macau’sgamingandtourismindustryPESTanalysisAbstract:Enteringthe21stcentury,thegamingindustryhasdevelopedaverycloserelationwiththetourismindustryandbecomeapillarofMacao"seconomy.In2002,theMSARGovernmentliberalisedthegamingindustry,throughappropriatecompetitionandmodernoperatingandmanagementmodels,bringingnewmomentumtoMacao’sgamingsectorandtheentireeconomy.Althoughgamblingindustrycreatealargeamountofjobopportunityandeconomyincreasegreatlot,butcannotignoreexistingthebadeffects.BasedonthesocialbackgroundwiththeMacaogamingtourismindustryasaspecialstudysample,usingthePESTtoanalyzethebasisofexistingstatisticaldataandsurveydata,thisarticleassesstheinfluenceofthegamingandtourismtoMacau.Theresearchofgamingandtourismnotonlyarousedtheconcernfortheindustry,butalsohelpsittosolveitsproblemsandchallenges,andeventuallyenhancethecompetitivenessofthegamingandtourism.KeyWords:Gamingandtourismindustry,Macaueconomy,PESTanalysis Contents1.Introduction12.Polity22.1Governmentplaystheroleingamingandtourismindustry22.2Theimpacttothelaw33.Economy43.1Advantagesbroughtbygamingandtourismindustry43.1.1TherapidgrowthrateofGDP43.1.2Themainsourceincomeforthegovernment53.1.3Providingjobopportunity63.2Disadvantagesbroughtbygamingandtourismindustry93.2.1Thenewchallengeofthesupplystructure93.2.2Theimbalanceofrevenuegrowthandresidentactualincome104.Society114.1Positivesocialandculturalimpact114.2Negativesocialandculturalimpact124.2.1Theconsiderablepressureonotherindustries124.2.2Thepolarizationbetweentherichandpoor124.2.3Impactoneducation134.2.4Thelocalatmospherehaschanged135.Technology146.Conclusion15Reference15 Macau’sgamingandtourismindustryPESTanalysis1.IntroductionThankstoGamingindustryhasflourishdeveloping,Macauwasreputedas“MonteCarlooftheOrient”and“LasVegasoftheEast”.Thereisalonghistoryformorethanthreecenturiesingamingindustry.UpontheexpiryoftheconcessionofSTDMon31December2001,theMacaugovernmentdecidedtograntoutthreegamingconcessions,makeaneffortfortheeconomybyinjectnewdynamicsandofferastrongfoundationforfurtherdevelopmentingamingindustry.Thegovernmentlaunchedapolicy,“tourism,gaming,conventionsandexhibitionsasthe“head”,andtheserviceindustryasthe“body”,drivingtheoveralldevelopmentofotherindustries.”ThegamingandtourismindustrycontributedalottotheMacaueconomyorsocialwelfaresector.However,behindsuchkindofsuccess,thereisatopiccannotbeavoidedabouttheresultsinthegamingcouldoutweighthecostsornot.TheoriginalfourmajorindustriesofMacau(exportprocessingindustry,realestateconstruction,tourismandgaming,financialservicesindustry)haveslowlyevolvedintothesituationthattourismandgamingoutshinesothers.Oncethetourismandgamingindustriesdeclining,therecessionofcomprehensiveeconomicwillbeinevitable.Meanwhile,theexcessivevictoryofthegamingindustryanditsstrongcorrelationeffectshasledtoaseriesofphenomenoninMacaosociety,whichseriouslyaffectsthestabilityofMacao’spoliticalecology.Toseizethisopportunity,Macaumustoptimizethetourismindustrialstructure,improvetheefficiencyleveloftourismsupply,andpromoteasustainabletourismdevelopment.Basedonthesocialbackgroundasabove,withtheMacaogamingtourismindustryasaspecialstudysample,usingthePESTtoanalyzethebasisofexistingstatisticaldataandsurveydata,thisarticleassesstheinfluenceofthegamingandtourismtoMacau.Theresearchofgamingandtourismnotonlyarousedtheconcernfortheindustry,butalsohelpsittosolveitsproblemsandchallenges,andeventuallyenhancethecompetitivenessofthegamingandtourism.18 2.Polity2.1GovernmentplaystheroleingamingandtourismindustryTheover-expansionofthegamingindustryinfluencestoMacau’spolity.Foralongtime,gamingandtourismhasbeenoneofthepillarindustriesofMacao.Inthe21stcentury,withtheopeningofgamingconcession,alargenumberofforeigncapitalfloodintotheMacaugamingindustryandincreasegrowingrate,enterpriseswhopossessgamblinglicensehasincreasedfromonetosix;thenumberofgamblingtablesoaredfrom339in2002to4375in2007,whichisanincreaseofnearly13times;totalgamingrevenuein2007wasdoubleofitin2001.Gamingsectorbringsahugeeconomic,butalsomakestroublelikeseveresocialcostandaffectthegovernmentcontrolauthority.On30thJune,2008,thegamingenterprisetolayoffemployees,theGalaxysaidthatcuttingstaffisthebusinessdecision,baseontheglobaleconomicslowingdownandtheCentralGovernmenttighteningpolicyforthefacilitatedindividualtravel(FIT),managementenvironmenthasbecomesevere,soitneedtotakedecisiveactionandmaintainthemarketingcompetitiveness.Inthefreemarketeconomy,enterprisecutdowntheemployeesisabusinessdecision,butthegamingindustryisaspecialindustry,sothegovernmentmakesthecontrollingmeasures.On22April2008,theChiefExecutiveannouncedthattherehasanewmeasurefortheoperatinggamingindustryanddecidedtothenumberofgamingconcessionswouldnotbegrantforalongtimeinthefuture.InFebruary2010,theMacau’sSARgovernmentmadeanewchangefortheGamingCommitteeanditischairedbytheChiefExecutive.Thecommitteehasformulatingrelevantpoliciesforthedevelopmentofthegamingindustryandmonitoringtheindustrydevelopmentandoperationaswellasdrawingupregulationsandguidelines.Inaddition,astheleadingindustryofMacao,thegamingindustryhasahighdegreeofindustrialConnectionEffectalmostimpacteveryimportantindustryinMacao,providingwiderageofemploymentopportunitiesforthegeneralpublic.Therefore,outofthemaintenanceoftheimmediateinterests,communityrepresentativeselectedbythegeneralpublicwillnaturallystandinfavorofthegamingindustryintheLegislativeCouncilandotherelections.Asaresult,thepoliticalbalance18 willbetoomuchinclinedtotheinterestsofgamingindustry,whichisveryunfavorabletothelong-termdevelopmentandstabilityofthepoliticalecologyofMacau.2.2TheimpacttothelawAccordingtoLawNo.16/2001,“TherehasamaximumofthreeconcessionscanbegrantedforOperationsofCasinoGamesofFortune.”However,afterfinishedgrantinglicensestothreeoperators,inordertomeettheMacau’sdevelopment,theMacauSARgovernmentapproveGalaxy,SJMandWynneachofthemcanbegrantagamingsubconcessiontoanotheroperatorandleadingtoa“3+3”marketstructurewasformed.Inordertomakesurethegamingindustryhaseffectiveregulation,itisneedtoformulatingrelevantlawsandregulation,besidesthatitisalsoimportanttoestablishefficientadministrativeregulatorydepartment.Asthegamingindustrychanging,theMacauSARgovernmenthasrestructuredtheDICJ’stwodepartmentsandsixdivisionsintofourdepartmentsandonedivisionunderBy-lawNo.34/2003promulgatedon4November2003.TheDICJisheadedbyoneDirector,assistedbyoneDeputyDirector.Itisconsistsoffourdepartmentsandonedivision:theInspectionofGamesofFortuneDepartment,theInspectionofPari-MutuelsDepartment,theAuditDepartment,theResearchandInvestigationDepartment,andtheAdministrativeandFinanceDivision.TheTourismIndustryisalsotheimportanteconomypillarinMacau.Inordertocooperatewithsustainabledevelopment,thegovernmentclearlydefineddiversifieddevelopmentandintegratevariouselementsintotourismandworktowardsthemajorobjectiveofturningMacaointohighgradetouristdestinationandAsia’suniqueleisure,entertainment,exhibitionandconventionhub.InJuly2005,baseonfullysupportedbytheCentralgovernment,theHistoricCentreofMacaowasinscribedontheUNESCOWorldHeritageList.TheHistoricCentreofMacaohaslongbeenaninvaluableassettothelocaltourismindustry.SinceitsinscriptionontheWorldHeritageList,theSARGovernmentuseitasamajorsellingpointfortourismandactivetomakeanefforttoadvertiseitshistoricalandculturalheritagetofurtherexpanddiversificationofMacau’stourismindustry.18 Since2003,thesourcesofvisitorarrivetoMacauhaveundergonestructuralchanges.ThemainlandChinahasovertakenHongKongasthelargestsourceofvisitors.SinceJuly2003,residentsfromthemainlandhavebeenallowedtovisitHongKongandMacaoonanindividualbasisunderthefacilitatedindividualtravel(FIT)scheme.Afterthispolicyhaslaunch,thenumberofmainlandtouristshasbeenincreasingdramaticallyandbecomethemostimportantandgreatestpotentialmarket.2.3Theimpactof“OneCountry,TwoSystem”Macau’sgamblingandgamingindustryareconsideredastheeconomicleader,whichnotonlyistheresultofhistoricalimpacts,butalsotheinseparablerequirementsofcurrentrealityandfuturedevelopment.GamblingisalegalactivityonlyinMacauintheentireChina.GamblingisprohibitedinmainlandandChinesecapitalisnotallowedtoinvolveinMacau’sgamingindustry;HongKongSARGovernmentforbidgamblingindustryinHKbypolicycoordination.MacauBasicLawArticle118:TheMacaoSARGovernment,inaccordancewiththelocaloverallinterestsofthedevelopmentoftourismandentertainment,hastherighttomakealawiftourismandgamingindustry.ThiswasaddedtoMacaoBasicLawbyMr.JiPengfei,theStateCouncilofChina,HongKongandMacauAffairsOfficeDirector,whoinpersonin1988,visitedMacau"ImperialPalacecasinoandlistenedtotheviewsofallsectorsofsociety.ThisindicatesthattheChinesegovernment"srespectforthehistoryofMacau,andshowsunderstandingoftheuniquearrangementofthecapitalisteconomicsystemfortheimplementationof"onecountry,twosystems"inMacao,andalsoindicatesthecareandsupportfortheMacaoSARGovernment,furtherclarifyingtheoriginalwayoflifeinMacauunchangedas"Dancing,riding,gamblingasbefore".“Onecountry,TwoSystem”alsopromotesthereformofthelegalsystem.Inordertodevelopthegamingindustry,MacaoSARGovernmenthasre-enactedtherelevantlawsandregulations,tospeeduptheprocessofMacaulegallocalization,modernizationandinternationalization,andtopromoteacomprehensiveandsystematicreformofpublicadministration.18 3.EconomyMacaupursuesanopeneconomicpolicyalthoughtheeconomyofscaleisnotlarge.IthasadvantageinoneofthelowesttaxregimesintheAsiaPacificregionandfinancialstability.Asafreeportandaseparatetariffzone,whichhasnoforeignexchangecontrols,MacaoisanactiveplayerintheregionaleconomyandavitallinkbetweenthemainlandChinaandglobalmarket.Accordingtothe2009IndexofEconomicFreedomreleasedinJanuarybytheUS-basedHeritageFoundation,MacaowasrankedsixthintheAsiaPacificregionforthefirsttimeandrankednumber21among179economiesglobally.GamingandtourismindustryhasattractedalargenumberofforeigntouriststoMacau,whichbroughtalotofforeignexchangeearnings.In2010,theaveragecostofeachforeigntouristwasMOP1,518.Thehighestconsumptionwasmadebymainlandtourists(MOP2039);followedbyJapanesetourists(MOP1394).In1981thetotalamountofconsumptionofforeigntouristsinMacaowasonlyMOP2.735billion,whichgrewuptoMOP37.9billionin2010.3.1Advantagesbroughtbygamingandtourismindustry3.1.1TherapidgrowthrateofGDPInthepast,theeconomyofMacauwassupportedbytheindustrialstructurewithfourpillarindustries,namelytheexport-processingindustry,theconstructionandrealestateindustry,thefinanceandinsuranceindustry,aswellasthetourismandgamingindustry.GamingandtourismhasplayedapositiveroleindevelopmentoftheMacaueconomyasawhole.SincethePortuguesegovernmentlegalizedgamingforthefirsttimein1847,thegamingandtourismindustryhasachievesarapiddevelopment,whichhasbecomethe“dragonhead”industryandthemostimportanteconomicpillarindustriesinrecentyears.Table3-1GrossdomesticproductofMacau　20072008200920102011GDPatcurrentprices(billionMOP)145.14166.24170.16226.22292.09Rateofgrowthinrealterms(%)14.43.31.727.020.718 Per-capitaGDPatcurrentprices(MOP)278,648307,861317,557421,312531,723Per-capitaGDPgrowthinrealterms(%)9.3-0.32.526.818.0BeforetheHandover,thegamingindustry’smaximumannualgrossrevenuewasMOP17.78billion(USD2.22billion).Innowadays,althoughtheglobaleconomygrowthslowingdownandworldrecoverywithgreateruncertainty,butitisnotmakessenseinMacau.ThisTableshowsMacao’sGDPforthewholeyearof2011reachahighlevelforMOP292.09billion,itisagrowthincreasesharply.Inrealterms,GDPexpandedby20.7%.Moreover,per-capitaGDPamountedtoMOP531,723(USD66,311)Table3-2Grossgamingrevenueandtaxgamingrevenue　2008200920102011A.GrossgamingrevenueMOPmillion109826120383189588269058(excludinggratuities)y-on-y%change319.657.541.9B.TaxrevenuefromgamingMOPmillion43208456986877699656y-on-y%change35.45.855.244.9C.Contributiontotheeconomy(%)　ShareofgrossgamingrevenueinGDP66.270.784.792.1Shareoftaxrevenuefromgaminginpublicrevenue69.465.477.788.4From2008to2010,thegaminggrossincomeoccupied66.2%,70.8%,and84.7%respectivelyofMacau’sGDP.TheincreasingratesofMacao’sGDPfrom2008to2010were3.4%,1.6%,27.1%respectively.Iftherewasnoconsumerincomeinthegamblingindustry,therelativelyhighgrowthwouldalmostimpossible.3.1.2ThemainsourceincomeforthegovernmentThegamingandtourismisthemainsourceoftheMacaugovernmentrevenue,andalsothemoststablesourceofgovernmentfinancialrevenue,whichisthebasisofMacau’slowtaxsystem.TheMacaugovernmenthastreatedthetaxofgamingandtourismindustryasthemainsourceofthepublicrevenueinrecentyears.Therevenueofgamblingtookup69.4%,65.4%,and77.7%respectivelyofthepublicfinanceincome.ThethreeconcessionairesnamelySJM,WynnandGalaxymustpayaspecialgamingtaxof35percent.Additionally,SJMshouldannuallycontribute1.6percentofitsgrossgamingrevenuetoaGovernment-appointedpublicfoundationforpromoting,18 developingandconductingresearchregardingcultural,academic,charitableandotherrelevantactivities;plusanother1.4percenttobodiessupportingurbandevelopment,tourismandsocialsecurity.WynnandGalaxyshouldlikewisecontribute1.6percentoftheirgrossgamingrevenuestothefoundation,aswellascontribute2.4percentofgrossgamingrevenuestobodiessupportingurbandevelopment,tourismandsocialsecurity.Infact,therevenuecreatedbygamingindustryin2006was189timesofthisnumberin1978.However,asforMacao"stotalpublicrevenuein2006,comparedto1978,itonlyincreasedby61.7times.ThegrowthrateoftheMacaugamingrevenueisfarmorethanthegrowthrateoftotalpublicrevenue,whichcanprovethatthecontributionofgamingindustrytothetotalpublicrevenueismuchmoresignificantthanothers3.1.3ProvidingjobopportunityBoththeunemploymentrateandtheunderemploymentrateforDecember2011-February2012heldstableasthepreviousperiod(November2011-January2012),at2.1%and0.8%respectively.Totallaborforcewas346,000inDecember2011-February2012andthelaborforceparticipationratestoodat73.2%,sameasthepreviousperiod.Totalemploymentreached339,000,upby900overthepreviousperiod.IncomparisonwithDecember2010-February2011,thelaborforceparticipationrateroseby1.1percentagepoints;meanwhile,boththeunemploymentrateandtheunderemploymentratedroppedby0.7percentagepoint.18 Figure3-1UnemploymentrateandtheunderemploymentrateTourismandgamingindustryinMacaunotonlydirectlycreatesagreatdealoffinancialandsocialwealth,butalsoprovidesalargenumberofjobsopportunities.IthasimprovedtheemploymentrateinMacauandreducingthepressureofunemployment.Intheendof1989,theamountofemployeesinthemarketing,cateringandhotelindustrywhicharerelatedtotourismandgamblingindustrywasonly19%ofthepopulationofMacau.In2002,theproportionhasrisento26.8%.In2006,theproportionremainedatasimilarlevel,accountingforabout27.0%ofthewholepopulation.Thegamingindustryemployeesaccountedfor6.3%in1999,7.1%in2002whichfinallyroseto8.1%in2006.ifaddintheemployeesinmarketing,cateringandhotelindustry,theratioisashighas30%ormore,andtheamountofemployeeswillbecloseto70,000.Bycontrast,theratioofemployeesinthelabor-intensivemanufacturingindustrydeclinedsharply.Bytheendof1989,theamountofemployeesmanufacturingaccountedfor35.9%ofthetotalpopulation.In1999,thisproportionwasonly21.9%.In2006,theproportionatesharefellfurtherto20.4%,absorbingonlyabout40000employees.Attheendofthefourthquarterof2011,theGamingSectorhad50198employees,upby12.0%year-on-year.Furthermore,morethan90.0%ofthepaidemployeeswereworkingingamingenterpriseswith2000ormorepersonsengaged.Analyzedbyoccupationsthataredirectlyrelatedtobettingservices,22345weredealers,upby18 16.7%year-on-year;13491werehard&softcountclerks,cagecashiers,pitbosses,casinofloorpersons,bettingserviceoperators,etc.,upby13.2%.Inaddition,5539werecasino&slotmachineattendants,securityguards,surveillanceroomoperators,etc.,upby7.1%year-on-year.NumberofvacanciesoftheGamingSectordroppedby39.5%year-on-yearto2274attheendofthefourthquarterof2011,with1504fordealers,198forhard&softcountclerks,cagecashiers,pitbosses,casinofloorpersons,bettingserviceoperators,etc.,and240forservicesandsalesworkers.Jobvacancyrate(4.4%)decreasedby3.5percentagepointsyear-on-year,withthatforhard&softcountclerks,cagecashiers,pitbosses,casinofloorpersons,bettingserviceoperators,etc.(1.5%)anddealers(6.3%)fallingby7.0and3.7percentagepointsrespectively.Table3-3Occupationaldistributionandjobvacancy　Total%changeJobvacancy　12/201112/2010Q4/2010Q4/2011Total501981237612274Directorsandmanagersofcompanies150213.47234Professionals250-17.8119Techniciansandassociateprofessionals1546-3.710994Clerks3833015.332731824Ofwhich:Dealers2234516.721211504Hard&softcountclers,cagecashiers,bettingserviceoperators,etc.1349113.21037198Servicesandsalesworkers63185.7223240Ofwhich:Casino&slotmachineattendants,securityguards,etc.55397.1163201Inthefourthquarterof2011,theGamingSectorhired5182newemployeesandtheemployeerecruitmentratesurgedby4.9percentagepointsyear-on-yearto10.8%.Theemployeeturnoverrateroseby2.5percentagepointsyear-on-yearto6.6%,whilethejobvacancyratedecreasedby3.5percentagepointsto4.4%.18 Figure3-2Employeeturnoverandrecruimentrate3.2DisadvantagesbroughtbygamingandtourismindustryBehindthesituationthattheMacaugamingandtourismisthedominantpatternofthetourismindustry,thereexistdeep-seatedconflictsandimbalanceswhichcannotbeignored.3.2.1ThenewchallengeofthesupplystructureInrecentyears,thereareanumberoftouristfacilitiesincludinghotelsandsomeentertainmentfacilitieshavebeenopenedup,whichhasstimulatedandenlargedMacao"stourismneeds.However,thereisahugegapbetweenthecurrentsupplystructureandsupplychainandthedemanddrivenbythenewlybuiltlarge-scaleprojects.Forexample,thedevelopmentoftheculturetourism,MICEneedthechangeofMacau’sexistingtourismsupplysystem;fromtheperspectiveoftheindustrychain,thereisaconsiderablegapbetweenMacao"scurrenttransportation,logisticssystem,businessenvironmentandurbanplanningandconstructionandtheall-roundtourismdevelopment.Referringtothecateringsupplysystem,ifthelarge-scaleintegratedtourismfacilitiesarebuiltupandlarge-scalemeetings,eventsandentertainmentprojectsarealllaunched,Macao"sfoodandbeveragesupplysystemwilldefinitelyberequiredtobesystematizedandstandardizedfromprocurement,productiontoprocessing,distributionandsales.However,currentMacau’scateringchainsarescattered,small,whichisunabletoadapttotherequirements.Therefore,thecultivation18 ofnewindustriesandrecreationofindustrialchainwillbeahugechallengeforlong-termchangesindemand.3.2.2TheimbalanceofrevenuegrowthandresidentactualincomeTherapidexpansionofthetotaltourismincomeofMacauTourismwasasignificantfeaturefrom2004to2005.However,thisexpansionmainlyshowedtheexpansionofthegamingrevenue,anditdidnotseeasubstantialexpansionoftheotherkindsoftourism.Intheoveralltourismrevenue,inthepasttwoyears,gamingrevenuehasincreasedtomorethan73%,whiletheproportionofnon-gamingrevenuedroppedtoabout26%.ThissituationhascausedasignificantincreaseoftheMacau’stourismrevenue.ButtheactualincomegainedbyMacau,aswellastheactualincomeofMacau’sresidentsdonotsimultaneouslyincrease.First,internationalexperienceshowsthatforadiversifiedindustrystructureandawell-developedeconomicentity,theratiooftheleakagepartofthetotaltourismrevenueisabout10%-20%;bycontrast,tothesmalleconomieswhoseindustrialstructureissingle,theleakingpartofthetotaltourismincomeissome40%-50%.Macau’sindustrialstructureistosingletokeeptheleakingpartatalowlevel.Second,examplesofinternationaltourismindustryshowthat,whenthenumberoftouristsrapidrisesandreachacertainnumber,thelocalmarketdemandwouldbepullup,causingpricesrising,whichdirectlyaffectthelifecostsoflocalresidents.Ingeneral,theeffectofpriceincreasingwillbereflectedontwolevels.First,theincreaseofthelocaldemandforconsumergoodswilldrivepricetoincrease;second,theinvestmentofthetouristfacilitiesincreasesthedemandforrealestate,raisingtheconstructioncostsandlandcosts,eventuallyleadingtotheriseofrealestateprices,whichdirectlyaffectbasicstandardoflivingofthelocalresidents.After2003,Macau’stourismgrewintoaclimax.Atthesametime,theMacau’srealestateindustryalsobegantoshowanupwardtrendofprice,whichisamainperformanceofthederivativeeffectofthedevelopmentofgamblingandtourism.ItnotonlygreatlyincreasedthereallivingcostoflocalresidentsinMacau,butalsoledtoadeclineinrealincomeoftheresidents.18 4.SocietyTherapiddevelopmentofthegamingindustryhadmanygreatimpactstoMacao"seconomic,socialandpoliticalpeopleandwalksoflifehave.Somearepositive,whilesomearenegative,whicharenoteworthyproblems.4.1positivesocialandculturalimpactsFirst,aftertheopenofGamblingrightaftertheopenofgamingconcession,foreigncapitalswhoseoperationandmanagementmethodsarequitedistinguishedflowintoMacau.Forexample,theSandsoncerecruitedmorethan5,000peoplewhenitwasopenedup.Andthenafteracontinuereducing,thereare4,000staffleft.Thiskindofmanagementprinciplefocusesonefficiency,andmaximizingtheindividualability,whichisquitedifferentfromthelocalcompanyphilosophy.ThenewculturalideasareaffectingthevalueofthewholeMacau’scommunity.Second,thegamingindustryreducestheconflictwithgangdoms,makingthegamblingagentstobemorestandardization.Foralongtime,gamblinghasbreedingsomeproblemforgangdomscrimeso.AfterthehandoverofMacau’ssovereignty,theMacaugovernmenthaspunishedsomechieftainsofthegangdomswiththeChina’scentralsupport.Thedisciplinedserviceshavebeenrectified,andthesocialorderwasinagoodcondition.Third,thankstotheeconomyboom,theresidentscouldgetmorebenefitfromthesociety.Suchas,alllegalresidentsofMacao,regardlessoftheirageoroccupation,areentitledtofreeservicesatHealthCentresandsupplementarychecksupatCondeS.JanuarioHospitalbyreferralfromHealthCentres.Non-residentspayforsuchservicesaccordingtoratesestablishedbytheHealthBureau.PatientsotherthanthosespecifiedabovemustpayforservicesprovidedbyCondeS.JanuarioHospital.Feesarehigherfornon-residents.Besidesthat,withanefforttoensuremembersofthepubliccansharethebenefitsofeconomicgrowth,MacaoSARgovernmentlaunchedonthefirsttimeby2008andkeeponseveralyearfortheWealthPartakingScheme,distributingaprescribedsumofmoneybypostingchequeorbanktransfertoresidentsofMacao18 SARwhofulfilledtheeligibilitycriteria.Moreover,theSocialSecurityFundcontributetobothemployersandemployees,anappropriationfromthegamingindustry’srevenue,theGovernment’sallocationofonepercentoftotalbudgetrevenue,andinterestpaymentsreceivedfromSocialSecurityFundinvestments.TheSocialSecurityFundAuthorityissuesvariousformsofwelfarebenefits,includingpensions,disabilitygratuities,unemploymentbenefits,sicknessbenefits,birthandmarriageallowances,birthsubsidies,deathgratuities,arrearsofwagesbenefitsandcompensationforpneumoconiosis.In2009,disbursementsforallthesewelfarebenefitstotalledaroundMOP668million.4.2Negativesocialandculturalimpacts4.2.1TheconsiderablepressureonotherindustriesTherapidexpansionofgamblingandtourismindustryhasforcedgreatpressureonotherindustries.Thisismainlyshowedoncompetitionforhumanresourcesbetweengamblingandotherindustries.Attheendofthefourthquarterof2011,theamountofemployeesinthegamblingindustrywas50,198.Theaveragemonthlysalaryofthefull-timeemployeesingamingindustryinJune2011wasMOP1,6460whichdoesnotincludedouble-pay,year-endbonuses,profit-sharingbonusesandothersimilarbonuses.ThisismuchhigherthanMacau’saveragemonthlyaveragesalary(MOP8042).Asaresult,technicalstaffs,includingaccountant,secretaryoradministratorinmanysmallandmediumenterprisesarefloodingintothegamingindustry.Thenthecateringandhotelindustryarealsosufferingfromalackoftheemployees.4.2.2ThepolarizationbetweentherichandthepoorTheopenofgamingconcessionandtheentryofforeigncompaniesnotonlyimproveMacau"sgamingindustryrevenue,butalsohavegreatlyexacerbatedthecompetitioninthegamingindustryinMacao.ItshugeprofitsincreasethescaleoftheMacaugamingindustry,bringingaseriesofproblems.First,theover-expansionofthegamingindustryscalehaspromotedthepriceincreases,makingincreasedpovertyofmanyemployeesworkinginindustrieswithlowcorrelationwithgaming;second,therapidexpansionofthegamingindustryscalehasalsoledtoawideningincomegap.because18 thestaffqualificationrequirementsofgamingindustryislowwithahigherpay,whichattractsvarioustalentsandatthesametimepromotetheriseofsalaries,furtherexacerbatingtheincomepolarizationofthedifferentindustries.Forexample,in2007,themedianoftheaveragemonthlyincomeinMacauwasMOP7,800,whilethisnumberofthegamingindustrywasMOP10,900.themonthlyincomeofanordinaryclerkinthegamingindustrywasmorethanMOP14,000,butthemanufacturingsectoremployee"smonthlyincomeisstilllessthanMOP5,000.Unfortunately,thegapisstillwidening.Intheyearof2007alone,fivedemonstrationsbrokeoutonMay1andSeptember30,October1,December16andDecember29,seriouslyaffectingthestabilityofMacao"spoliticalecology.4.2.3TheimpactoneducationEnterprisesofthegamingindustryareeagertobringinemployees.Andtheyhaveevenreducedthegeneraleducationbackgroundrecruitmentstandardsfromhighschooldegreetotheelementaryschooldegree.Peopleof18yearsoldcanbeemployedinthecasino.ThissituationhasatremendousimpactofeducationinMacau.Nowthemonthlysalaryofageneralwaiterincasinocanbeupto6000MOP.Ifcoupledwithdouble-incomeandtips,thisnumbercanbealsocloseto10thousand.1-2yearslater,ifthewaiterispromotedtobeadealer,hisbasesalarywillbemorethan14,000MOP.However,asaninauguralclerk,a4-yearundergraduategraduationcanonlyearnabout6000MOP.Thebasicsalaryofcasinohas14,700MOP.Asaresult,forsecondarystudents,theopportunitycosttostudyinauniversityisfarworsethanworkinginacasinoassoonaspossible.Nowthesituationofstoppingschoolandworkingincasinoisserious,whichinthelongrunhindertheimprovementofthequalityofMacau"spopulationasawhole.4.2.4ThelocalatmospherehaschangedThereisalonghistoryformorethanthreecenturiesingamingindustry.Thelocalresidentshavelongtimetreatedthegamingindustryasanimproperoccupation,andhatethegamblingbehavior.Withthetripartitejointeducationandsupervisionof18 family,schoolandcommunity,localresidentsrarelysetfootinacasino.However,thissituationischanging.Tobeginwith,thegamingindustryhasbeenestablishedastheleadingindustryofMacau,andalargenumberofforeigncompaniesinvestinthegamingindustry,whichhasmadetheentertainmentgamblingisgraduallybeingaccepted.Second,inpasttime,therewasonlyonecasinoinMacau.Itwaseasytocontroltheclerksofcasinotoparticipateingambling.Butcurrently,therearemorecasinosthanbefore,andaccordingly,thesupervisionhasbeenharderthanbefore.Morecasinostaffthanbeforewouldinvolveingamblingtoothercompaniesafterwork.What’smore,youthsalwaysparticipateinonlinegambling.However,theInternetgamingismoredifficulttoregulate.Accordingtotherelatedstudy,morethan30%ofboysinMacau’sschoolhaveparticipatedinonlinegambling.InthehistoryofMacau,thegamingindustryisalwayslinkedwithgangdom.Sincetheopenofgamingconcessionin2002,theexuberanceoftheMacaugamingindustryinMacautosomeextentmakesthegangdomactivitiesmorerampant.Socialordersituationwasdeterioratinggradually,whichdirectlythreatensthestabilityoftheMacausocietyandtherebyaffectsitspoliticalecology.Ontheotherhand,someforeignresearchresultsshowthat:aregionmadeeachonedollarofthegamingtaxrevenue,andthen3dollarswelfarehavetobespenttosolvethesocialproblemsbecauseofgambling.Accordingarelatedinvestigationintheendof2004,compulsivegamblersoccupyabout3%ofthetotalpopulationofMacau.WiththeexcessiveexpansionofthegamingindustryinMacau,thisnumberwillsurelyincrease.ThepresenceofcompulsivegamblershasbroughtaverybadeffecttoMacau"ssocialstabilityandsocialmorality.5.TechnologyTheChinesemainlandisalwaysapowerfuldependenceofMacao"seconomicdevelopment.In2003,China’smainlandhasbecomeAsia"slargestvisitorsourcemarket.AccordingtotheexpectationsoftheWTO(WorldTourismOrganization),in2020,Chinawillbecomethefirsttouristnationintheworld,andthetotalnumberof18 outboundtravelwillreachmorethanlbillion,ranking4thintheworld"stop10visitorsourcecountries,andaccountingfor61.20%oftheglobalnumberofoutboundtravelpopulation.ThisnewtrendwillmakethedemandforMacautourismenteredasteadyperiodofgrowth,sothatMacao"sgamblingandtourismindustrystayinalong-termsustainability.Ifthereisnotsomerationalconductionsandregulationstothisindustry,contradictionsstatedasabovewouldbefurtherstimulatedandenlarged.Topromotehealthyandsustainablegrowthinthegamingindustry,theMacaogovernmentwillfollowthepolicyof“moderatesupervision,monitoringandcontrolandhealthygrowth”,putforthitsefforttoliftupthequalityandstandardofthegamingprojectsdevelopment,strengthenitsregulationonthegamingindustry.Alongwiththenewgamingentertainmenthasbeenbuiltandgovernmentdepartments’incrementofthedemandfornetworkupgrades,theprospectsoftheinformationtechnologymarketofMacauisveryoptimistic.Thisyearalone,thenewlybuilttwogaminggroundareindemandformillionsofdollars’informationproducts,bringingimportantopportunitiesforinformationindustryinMacau.Largeenterpriseshaveincreasedthedemandforinformationproductsandprojectshaveemergedoneafteranother.Inthefuturein2012,theseprojectswillboosttheMacao’sInformationIndustry;inthesametime,thegovernment’sneedsforinformationproductsinparticularnetworkupgradearealsoincreased.Intheaspectsoffinance,technology,MacauisdifficultcompetingwiththoselargeinternationalcompaniesinHongKong,buttocompetewithoverseasandforeigncompanies,Macaocompaniesstillhavetheirstrengthsandlivingspace.Inaddition,thegovernment’sclosedtenderscanonlybecontractedtolocalregisteredcompanies,whichalsoreservethespaceforthedevelopmentoftheMacaucompanies.Macao’sInformationIndustrybasedonthelocaldevelopmentsofgamingandtourismindustryhasanoptimisticprospectsfordevelopment,butinsomeareas,suchastheconfidentialityofinformationsystemssecurity,arestillinitsinfancy,sotheconstantlyimprovementofthelevelofinformationtechnologyandpersonnelqualityandservicequalityareneeded.18 6.ConclusionWiththeaboveanalysis,itcanbedrawnthat,thegamblingandtourismindustryhasbroughtMacauhugeeconomicincome,butfromthesocial,economic,andpoliticalaspects,ithavehadanadverseeffectonMacao.Anyway,itisaspecialindustrywhichcanbringmorenegativeimpacts.Inthecurrentsituation,theSARGovernmentshouldstrictlycontroltheincreaseoftheamountofnewcasinoandgamingtablesinMacau,andpreventtoomanysocialresourcesinMacaofromcontinuallybeinginvestedinthegamingindustry,whichcouldresultinthewasteofsocialresources,affectthedevelopmentofMacau’sotherindustries,andfurtherincreasethedifficultyofMacau’sindustrialrestructuringinthefuture.MacaoSARGovernmentshouldbedowntoearth,carryouttheresearchof“Macau’sindustrialdiversification”carefully,andpromotethedevelopmentofsomeindustrieswhichhaslittlerelevancewiththegambling.OnlyinthiswaycanMacautrulyrealizeawholeprogress.ReferenceMacauStatisticsandCensusService:YearbookofStatistics-2010,PartTwo:OverviewoftheMacauSAR,EconomyP207,ThegamingindustryP265,TourismP281.HealthandSocialWelfareP399MacauStatisticsandCensusService:SurveyonManpowerNeedsandWages–GamingSector,2ndQuarter/2011RuanJianzhong（阮建中），2010，AstudyonthecompetitivenessofthegamingsectorinMacau,P172YangYunzhong(杨允中)，2008,TherapidgrowthofcasinoindustryanditsimpactstotheMacaoEconomyandsociety,P130Macaueconomicassociation(澳门经济学会)，澳门博彩旅游业垂直多元化研究，P59，LiangJiefen,LuZhaoxing(梁洁芬，卢兆兴)，2010，中国澳门特区博彩业与社会发展，P2618 新华澳报，http://www.waou.com.mo/detail.asp?id=5680918